最后，商人们不是科学家。科学家的早期研发工作艰苦漫长，大多数靠政府等提供的公共资金。一旦将有潜力的药物转交给商业开发，高药价就已经注定。

　　药价谈判、免税减税，毕竟都是短期的办法。要解决药价高、供应不足的问题，终究得靠大量高质量国产药的良性竞争。

　　参考文献：

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　　［2］。 DiMasi JA， Grabowski H， Hansen R. Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry： New estimates of R&D costs. Journal of Health Economics. 2016;47:20-33.

　　［3］.Lives on the Edge. 2016： https://msfaccess.org/lives-edge-time-align-medical-research-and-development-peoples-health-needs

　　［4］。 R&D costs for Gleevec. 2013： https://www.keionline.org/22170

　　［5］。 Novartis， other online resources. （2001~2017）： e.g. https://www.novartis.com/investors/financial-data/product-sales

　　［6］.Lazonick W， et al. How Stock Buybacks Make Americans Vulnerable to Globalization. The Academic-Industry Research Network. 2016： http://www.theairnet.org/v3/backbone/uploads/2016/03/Lazonick.BuybacksAndGlobalization_AIR-WP16-0301.pdf

　　［7］.Big pharmaceutical companies are spending far more on marketing than research. 2015： https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/02/11/big-pharmaceutical-companies-are-spending-far-more-on-marketing-than-research/？utm_term=.ba0c1cf867e2

　　［8］.Hill A， Gotham D， Fortunak J， et al Target prices for mass production of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for global cancer treatment BMJ Open 2016;6:e009586. doi： 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009586. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/6/1/e009586.full

　　［9］.This drug is defying a rare form of leukemia — and it keeps getting pricier. 2016： https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/this-drug-is-defying-a-rare-form-of-leukemia--and-it-keeps-getting-pricier/2016/03/09/4fff8102-c571-11e5-a4aa-f25866ba0dc6_story.html？utm_term=.07942e4e62ce

　　［10］.The Arrival of Generic Imatinib Into the U.S. Market： An Educational Event. 2016： http://www.ascopost.com/issues/may-25-2016/the-arrival-of-generic-imatinib-into-the-us-market-an-educational-event/